![]() ![]() He recruited as subjects two younger psychologists, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler. He continued his research of apparent movement at the Psychological Institute, where he used a sophisticated projector called a "tachistoscope" that enabled him to flash shapes on the screen successively for precise increments of time. Wertheimer remained in Frankfurt for more than 5 years. Likewise, Wertheimer concluded, the effect of apparent movement is generated not so much by its individual elements as by their dynamic interrelation. Clearly, argued Ehrenfels, if a melody and the notes that comprise it are so independent, then a whole is not simply the sum of its parts, but a synergistic "whole effect," or gestalt. Years earlier, Wertheimer had studied in Prague with an Austrian philosopher named Christian von Ehrenfels, who had published a paper in 1890 entitled "On Gestalt Qualities" in which he pointed out that a melody is still recognizable when played in different keys, even though none of the notes are the same, and that abstract form attributes such as "squareness" or "angularity" can be conveyed by a wide range of specific elements. By varying these elements, he was able to investigate the conditions that contribute to the illusion of motion pictures, an effect that is technically known as "apparent movement". In his hotel room, Wertheimer made his own picture strips, consisting not of identifiable objects, but of simple abstract lines, ranging from vertical to horizontal. He got off the train in Frankfurt am Main, where he bought a motion picture toy called a "zoetrope." When a strip of pictures is placed inside and viewed through the slits in a zoetrope, a succession of stationary pictures appear to be a single, moving picture. While traveling by train on vacation, a 30-year-old Czech-born psychologist named Max Wertheimer was seized by an idea when he saw flashing lights at a railroad crossing that resembled lights encircling a theater marquee. ![]() Gestalt psychology began in Germany in 1910. If limited, interest between the gestalt psychologists Theories of aesthetics and finds evidence of a mutual, ![]() Gestalt theory's influence on modern art and design,ĭescribes its resemblance to Japanese-inspired German psychologists, Max Wertheimer, Kurt KoffkaĪnd Wolfgang Köhler. E-mail: psychology was founded in 1910 by three ORDER/SUBSCRIBE SPONSORS CONTACT WHAT'S NEW INDEX/SEARCH HOME ![]()
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